Within the ten-year study period, 1054 women were in menopause and recorded their last menstrual period. Analysis of data showed that in one years studied before and after the last menstrual cycle in women affected three of the laboratory values changed dramatically: there was a “significant increase in total cholesterol, caused by an increase in LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, which LDL-cholesterol transported in the blood, “says Matthews.

All three parameters are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Its increase in the menopause was observed among women of different ethnic backgrounds appear, that is a general reaction to the menopause and related hormonal changes to be suggested the professor. Therefore, she recommends women around the menopause pay particular attention to factors that affect the cardiovascular risk. That means to get rid of excess pounds, keep his weight and then to move more. “And the smokers should quit smoking,” advises Matthews.

Prolaktin is a hormone, which is manufactured in the gland of appendix of brain (hypophysis). The hormone concentration rises directly before the rule bleeding of the woman, drops however soon thereafter again.

The most important role has Prolaktin in the pregnancy: It promotes the milk production together with other hormones after the birth in the breast gland of the young mother and keeps it upright. Which function has Prolaktin with men, is not well-known. An overproduction of Prolaktin can lead however to Erectile Dysfunction.

Certain factors can lead medicines to an increase of Prolaktin, for example such as Metoclopramide or some psycho pharmacologic drugs. This can express itself by milk river from the breast gland, even if the woman did not bear a child. In addition frequently the rule is missing with increased prolaktin.

In which cases is the Prolaktin value determined?

Prolaktin certainly:

* Cycle disturbances
* Increased milk river from the breast gland (Galaktorrhoe)
* Hirsutismus (male hair stature sample with women)
* Subfunction of the gonads with the man

From what is the Prolaktin value determined?

Prolaktin is determined from blood serum or from blood plasma.
NORMAL VALUES ng/ml µU/ml
Women: Follicle phase
< 15
480
Women: Lutealphase
< 20
650
Women after the change years < 15 480
Men < 15 480

In which cases is Prolaktin value too low?

To small Prolaktin quantities are with a subfunction of the gland of appendix of brain (hypophysis insufficiency) and with a over therapy with certain medicines (Dopaminagonisten).

In which cases is Prolaktin value too high?

To high Prolaktin quantities can be measured:

* Pregnant one or with satisfying mothers
* Prolaktin producing tumors (Prolactinoma)
* Medicines, e.g. Metoclopramid, antidepressives, Neuroleptika, acid-binding medicines (Antazida) or determined preventing pills
* Increased Prolaktin by physical or mental stress
* Heavy kidney weakness (kidney insufficiency)
* Thyroid subfunction

In which cases is the FSH value determined?

The FSH concentration is examined particularly with puberty development disturbances,
Menstrual disorders and with unfulfilled desire to have children.

From what is FSH determined?

FSH can be determined from the blood or the urine.
REFERENCE/CNORMAL VALUES SI unit
Women the change years ago 2 – 20 U/l
Women after the change years > 20 U/l

In which cases is FSH the value too low?

If the FSH concentration is too small in the blood, cycle disturbances arise. They become by illnesses of the gland of appendix of brain (hypophysis) or anorexia nervosa caused.

The FSH concentration can be lower also in the pregnancy. Here you should absolutely visit a Gynecologist, which makes further investigations and accomplishes appropriate therapies if necessary.

In which cases is FSH the value too high?

Left diseases or premature using of the change years can entail a function unfitness of the uterus. In their process the hypophysis tries to in vain re-establish the original condition by increased production of FSH.

The rule, also Menstruation or period mentioned, is a bleeding, which withdraws from the sheath. The blood originates from the uterus and indicates the repulsion of the bearing mother mucous membrane. Normally this bleeding continues between three and seven days. It is a completely normal procedure and an indication of your health and the ripe one of your body.





If young girls achieve their sex-ripe phase, the body begins to form sex hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers, which are formed in the body. They have the function together with other systems to regulate and control the entire organism. The female follicle hormones (Estrogen) cause a ovulation and determine when the rule enters.

A discussion with your mother would be a good idea. It can tell you, how it was with their and probably gives you a few good pieces of advice. If you may not talk with your mother, perhaps you can contact an older sister, aunt, a cousin or a friend.

When does the first rule enter?

Nowadays a young girl gets his first rule at the age between ten and 16 years. The average age is at approximately 12.5 years. The first rule bleeding marks the last part of puberty, which began with the growing of the chest and the shame hair.

Should itself with you up to 16. Year of life still no rule bleeding stopped, then that has usually no serious reasons. Nevertheless you should visit your family doctor or better still another gynecologist in such a case.

The bleeding accompany the ripe woman of the first rule (Menarche) up to the change years (Menopause) at the age between 45 and 55 years. During a pregnancy the rule suspends.

How often does the rule enter?

The rule bleeding enters once the month for three to seven days. Between the individual bleeding a break lies from usually 24 days. That is however different with each woman. The days of the rule bleeding and the following break up to the next bleeding are called (Menstruation) cycle.

A normal cycle lasts between 21 and 35 days. The straight first cycles are frequently still very irregular. That is normal. After some months however regularity adjusts itself. If you note the days of your rule in a calendar, you recognize soon your personal cycle and can out easily figure, when the next rule will enter.

What happens in the body?

With beginning of puberty the internal sex organs of the girl mature: the Uterus, two ovaries and two Oviduct.

The ovaries fulfill two tasks:

* The education of the female sex hormones Estrogen and Progestin
* Ripening of egg cells

In each menstruation cycle an egg cell matures near. It continues to increase thereby. During this maturing first estrogen are produced. These provide for the structure of the bearing mother mucous membrane. After approximately two weeks (the center of the menstruation cycle) it comes to the ovulation. The matured egg cell is delivered of the ovary into a oviduct. This has the task to carry the egg into the uterus.

The ovary begins now to produce above all Progestin. This hormone causes first a further thickening of the bearing mother mucous membrane. If the egg walking by the Oviduct is fertilized by male seeds, the fertilized egg nests itself into the bearing mother mucous membrane in the beginning of a pregnancy.

If it does not come to fertilization, the ovary stops production of Progestin. By the reduction of the Progestins the bearing mother mucous membrane begins to become thinner and become detached. Exactly at this time you get your rule bleeding. Afterwards the descriptive procedures begin again from the front.

Preparations

Is preparatory for the first rule: You should have monthly binding at home and also always one in your shoulder ashes. If the first bleeding enters then, you do not need to make do with cotton wool or paper handkerchiefs. Cotton wool or paper is not very absorbent, in addition they are to be carried at the body usually very uncomfortably.

Bind however are ideal due to their absorbency and the stretcher comfort: They are fastened simply in the pants. Nowadays binding is separately in multicolored foil packed. This facilitates it to always have or two a binding with itself.

If the first rule should begin during the school time, you know also your teacher or a friend around one binds asks. There is mostly reserve binding or Tampons also in the first aid box of the school secretariat.

Tampons are inserted contrary to binding into the sheath and absorb there the blood. At its end is a thread to simply removing from the sheath. They must be changed several times on the day.

How binding are disposed of?

The used binds should you either in Toilet Paper or into the plastic foil of the new clean binds packs up and into a toilet bucket to throw. If no toilet bucket should be present, you can the packed up bind into your bag to put and her later dispose of. Throw never one bind into the toilet! Those binds water would absorb, swells and thus the discharge to clog!